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  1. Ndumele CE, Rangaswami J, et al. Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;148:1606–1635.
  2. Usman MS, Khan MS, et al. The Interplay Between Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Kidney Disease. ADA Clinical Compendia 2021;2021(1):13–18.

Heart Disease

  1. WebMD [Online]. Heart Anatomy, Function, and Blood Circulation. 22 Aug 2024. Available from https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/high-cholesterol-healthy-heart. Accessed 2025/01/23.
  2. NHS [Online]. Heart Failure Overview. Available from . Accessed 2025/01/23.
  3. Centers for Disease Control [Online]. About Heart Failure. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-failure.html. Accessed 2025/01/23.
  4. MayoClinic [Online]. Heart Failure. Available from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373142?p=1. Accessed 2025/01/23.
  5. GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 390 (10100): 1211-1259.
  6. Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2002;106(24):3068-3072.
  7. Hitzeroth J, Mpe M, et al. 2020 Heart Failure Society of South Africa perspective on the 2016 European Society of Cardiology Chronic Heart Failure Guidelines. S Afr Med J 2020;110(9b):938-951.
  8. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). 11 June 2021. Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds), Accessed 2025/01/23.
  9. Thomas MC. Type 2 Diabetes and Heart Failure: Challenges and Solutions. Current Cardiology Reviews, 2016;12:249-255.
  10. Bansal N, Katz R, et al. Absolute Rates of Heart Failure, Coronary Heart Disease, and Stroke in Chronic Kidney Disease – An Analysis of 3 Community-Based Cohort Studies. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(3):314-318.
  11. NICE Guideline. Chronic heart failure in adults: diagnosis and management. 12 September 2018. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng106. Accessed 2025/01/23.
  12. Braunwald E. The war against heart failure: the Lancet lecture. Lancet. 2015 Feb 28;385(9970):812-24.
  13. Shaito A, Thuan DTB, et al. Herbal Medicine for cardiovascular diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety. Front. Pharmacol. 2020;11:422.
  14. Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) [Online]. Module 5 – Exercise and Activity. Available from https://hfsa.org/hfsa-patient-education-exercise-and-activity-heart-failure. Accessed 2025/01/23.
  15. Izadi M, Alemzadeh-Ansari MJ, et al. Air Travel Considerations for the Patients With Heart Failure. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(6):e17213.

Heart Failure Risk Checker

  1. Mayo Clinic. Heart Failure. Available online at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ heart-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373142. Last accessed January 19 2021.
  2. American Heart Association. Causes of heart failure. Available from: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-failure/causes- and-risks-for-heart-failure/causes-of-heart-failure. Last Accessed January 19 2021.

Kidney Disease

  1. National Kidney Foundation (NKF) [Online]. About the Kidneys. Available from https://www.kidney.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=669c0815-ef5a-44ba-82d9-702f0ba255eb. Accessed 2025/01/27.
  2. Vaidya SR, Aeddula NR. Chronic Kidney Disease. StatsPearl [Online]. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/?report=printable. Accessed 2025/01/29.
  3. National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK) [Online]. What is Chronic Kidney Disease. Available from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/what-is-chronic-kidney-disease. Accessed 2025/01/28.
  4. Hariparshad S, Bhinna R, et al. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in South Africa – limitations of studies comparing prevalence with sub-Saharan Africa, Africa, and globally. BMC Nephrology 2023;24:62.
  5. Borg R, Carlson N, et al. The Growing Challenge of Chronic Kidney Disease: An Overview of Current Knowledge. International Journal of Nephrology 2023;Article ID 9609266:8 pages.
  6. Evans M, Lewis RD, et al. A Narrative Review of Chronic Kidney Disease in Clinical Practice: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Adv Ther 2022;39:33–43.
  7. National Health Services (NHS) UK [Online]. Overview – Chronic kidney disease. Available from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/. Accessed 2025/01/28.
  8. National Health Services (NHS) UK [Online]. Diagnosis – Chronic kidney disease. Available from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/diagnosis/. Accessed 2025/01/28.
  9. National Kidney Foundation (NKF) [Online]. Healthy eating for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stages 1, 2 & 3. Available from https://www.kidney.org.uk/healthy-eating-for-people-with-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd. Accessed 2025/01/28.
  10. Kidney Care UK [Online]. Managing your fluid levels. Available from https://kcuk.cdn.ngo/media/documents/Kidney_Care_UK_Managing_your_fluid_levels_-_May_2024.pdf. Accessed 2025/01/28.
  11. Corsonello A, Mattace-Raso F, et al. Design and methodology of the chronic kidney disease as a dysmetabolic determinant of disability among older people (CKD‑3D) study: a multicenter cohort observational study. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2021;33:2445–2451.
  12. Subbiah AK et al. Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease: A neglected subgroup. Heart Asia 2016; 8(2):56–61.
  13. Go AS et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. The New England Journal of Medicine; 13(12):13
  14. National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK) [Online]. Preventing Kidney Disease. Available from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/prevention. Accessed 20245/01/28.
  15. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) UK. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. 16 Oct 2024. nice.org.uk/guidance/ng148 Accessed 2025/01/28.
  16. World Health Organization (WHO). Hypertension. March 16, 2023. Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension. Accessed 2025/01/27
  17. Rayner B, Jones E, Veriava Y, et al. South African Hypertension Society commentary on the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association hypertension guidelines. Cardiovascular J Africa 2019;30:184-187.
  18. Arora P. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)Treatment & Management. Medscape [Online] 16 Sept 2024. Available from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-treatment#d12. Accessed 2025/01/27.

Kidney Disease Risk Checker

  1. Vaidya SR, Aeddula NR. Chronic Kidney Disease. StatsPearl [Online]. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/?report=printable. Accessed 2025/01/29.
  2. World Health Organization. A healthy lifestyle – WHO recommendations. 10 May 2010. Available from https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle—who-recommendations Accessed 2025/02/05.
  3. Berns JS. Patient education: Chronic Kidney Disease (Beyond the Basics). Jul 8, 2021. Accessed Feb 13, 2023. Available from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-kidney-disease-beyond-the-basics
  4. Wilson PWF. Overview of established risk factors for Cardiovascular Disease. Uptodate. Jan 11, 2023. Accessed Feb 13, 2023. Available from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-established-risk-factors-forcardiovascular-disease
  5. Usman MS, Khan MS, et al. The Interplay Between Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Kidney Disease. ADA Clinical Compendia 2021;2021(1):13–18.
  6. Ferenbach DA, Bonventre JV. Acute kidney injury and Chronic Kidney Disease: from the laboratory to the clinic. Nephrol Ther 2016;12(Suppl 1):S41-S48.
  7. Gooch K, Culleton BF, Manns BJ, et al. NSAID use and progression of Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Medicine 2007;120,280.el-280.e7.

Diabetes

  1. Wexler DJ. Type 2 Diabetes – Overview. UpToDate Patient Education [Online]. Available from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/type-2-diabetes-overview-beyond-the-basics/print?topicRef=1748&source=see_link Accessed 2025/01/30.
  2. Weinstock RS. Type 1 Diabetes – Overview. UpToDate Patient Education [Online]. Available from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/type-1-diabetes-overview-beyond-the-basics/print Accessed 2025/01/30.
  3. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) DIABETES ATLAS. 10th Available from https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/tenth-edition/ Accessed 2025/01/30.
  4. The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S192 / 196.
  5. ADA Standards of Care 2023. Journal of Clinical and Applied Research and Education 2023;46(Suppl1)
  6. Brutsaert EF. Complications of Diabetes Mellitus. Nov 2023. MSD Manual Professional Version. Available from https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/complications-of-diabetes-mellitus?query=complications%20of%20diabetes%20mellitus Accessed 2025/01/30.
  7. Usman MS, Khan MS, et al. The Interplay Between Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Kidney Disease. ADA Clinical Compendia 2021;2021(1):13–18.
  8. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management – Guidelines 17. Updated Aug 2022. Available from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17 Accessed 2025/01/30.
  9. National Health Services (NHS) UK. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Available from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/ Accessed 2025/01/30.

Diabetes Risk Checker

  1. Amod A, Bayat Z, Coetzee A, et al. SEMDSA 2017 Guidelines for the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. JEMDSA 2017;22(1): S1-S196.
  2. Kovesdy CP, Furth SL, Zoccali C, on behalf of the World Kidney Day Steering Committee. Obesity and kidney disease: hidden consequences of the epidemic. Braz J Medical & Biological Res 2017;50(5):e6075.
  3. Ambrose JA, Barua RS. The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43(10):1731-1737.
  4. Mayo Clinic. High cholesterol. C2021. Accessed 20 July 2021. Available from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/symptoms-causes/syc-20350800?p=1
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Heart failure. C2020. Accessed 20 July 2021. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-failure.html
  6. Malliara M. The management of hypertension in hemodialysis and CAPD patients. Hippokratia 2007;4:171-174.
  7. Alicic RZ, Rooney MT, Tuttle KR. Diabetic kidney disease: Challenges, progress, and possibilities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017;12:2032-2045.
  8. Diabetic kidney disease. C2017. Accessed 20 July 2021. Available from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/preventing-problems/diabetic-kidney-disease
  9. Kolber MR, Scrimshaw C. Family history of Cardiovascular Disease. Canadian Family Physician 2014;60:1016.

Lifestyle

  1. Guidelines for Healthy Eating Information for nutrition educators. Department of Health South Africa. Available from https://www.nutritionweek.co.za/NNW2014/docs/NNW-2013-Nutrition%20Educators%20Guideline.pdf Accessed 2025/02/05.
  2. World Health Organization. A healthy lifestyle – WHO recommendations. 10 May 2010. Available from https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle—who-recommendations Accessed 2025/02/05.
  3. Hitzeroth J, Mpe M, et al. 2020 Heart Failure Society of South Africa perspective on the 2016 European Society of Cardiology Chronic Heart Failure Guidelines. S Afr Med J 2020;110(9b):938-951.
  4. NICE Guideline. Chronic heart failure in adults: diagnosis and management. 12 September 2018. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng106. Accessed 2025/01/23
  5. National Kidney Foundation (NKF) [Online]. Healthy eating for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stages 1, 2 & 3. Available from https://www.kidney.org.uk/healthy-eating-for-people-with-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd. Accessed 2025/01/28.
  6. Vaidya SR, Aeddula NR. Chronic Kidney Disease. StatsPearl [Online]. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/?report=printable. Accessed 2025/01/29
  7. NHS North Bristol. Managing your fluid intake – Information for kidney patients. Available from https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/our-services/a-z-services/nutrition-dietetics/nutrition-dietetics-patient-information-kidney-disease/managing-your-fluid-intake-information-kidney-patients Accessed 2025/02/05.
  8. The Society for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa Type 2 Diabetes Guidelines Expert Committee. The 2017 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Guideline Committee. JEMDSA 2017; 21(1)(Supplement 1): S1-S192 / 196.
  9. NHS UK. Physical activity guidelines for adults aged 19 to 64. Available from https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/physical-activity-guidelines-for-adults-aged-19-to-64/ Accessed 2025/02/05.
  10. NHS Oxford University Hospitals. Cardiac rehabilitation heart failure exercise programme – Abingdon. Available from https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/patient-guide/leaflets/files/5287Pcardiacrehab-abingdon.pdf Accessed 2025/02/04.
  11. Milam RH. Exercise Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2016;26(4):e23-e25.
  12. The Heart and Stroke Foundation South Africa. Living a healthy Lifestyle. Available from https://heartfoundation.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lifestyle-brochure.pdf Accessed 2025/02/05
  13. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Managing Stress. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/living-with/index.html Accessed 2025/02/05.
  14. O’Connor DB, Thayer JF, Vedhara K. Stress and Health: A Review of Psychobiological Processes. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2021;72:663–88.